| Characteristic | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8th-graders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.2 | 7.0 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 10.4 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.1 | 6.9 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.0 |
| Female | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.2 | 7.2 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.8 |
| Race and Hispanic origina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.7 | 8.8 | 9.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| Black | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.9 |
| Hispanicb | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.3 | 7.2 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.8 |
| 10th-graders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.6 | 12.3 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 16.3 | 18.3 | 18.0 | 15.8 | 15.9 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 7.6 |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.4 | 12.1 | 13.8 | 15.2 | 16.3 | 18.1 | 17.2 | 14.7 | 15.6 | 13.7 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 6.9 |
| Female | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.5 | 12.4 | 14.3 | 13.7 | 16.1 | 18.6 | 18.5 | 16.8 | 15.9 | 14.1 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 8.1 |
| Race and Hispanic origina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14.5 | 15.3 | 16.5 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 21.4 | 20.3 | 19.1 | 17.7 | 15.5 | 13.3 | 11.4 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 8.7 |
| Black | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.3 |
| Hispanicb | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.4 | 8.9 | 8.1 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.3 |
| 12th-graders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 21.3 | 20.3 | 21.1 | 21.2 | 18.7 | 19.5 | 18.7 | 18.7 | 18.1 | 18.9 | 19.1 | 18.5 | 17.2 | 19.0 | 19.4 | 21.6 | 22.2 | 24.6 | 22.4 | 23.1 | 20.6 | 19.0 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 15.6 | 13.6 | 12.2 |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 18.5 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 19.2 | 16.0 | 17.8 | 16.9 | 16.4 | 17.4 | 17.9 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 17.2 | 19.4 | 20.4 | 21.7 | 22.2 | 24.8 | 22.7 | 23.6 | 20.9 | 18.4 | 17.2 | 17.0 | 15.4 | 14.6 | 12.0 |
| Female | 23.5 | 21.7 | 23.2 | 22.2 | 20.5 | 20.6 | 19.8 | 20.6 | 18.1 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 17.9 | 16.7 | 18.2 | 18.1 | 20.8 | 21.8 | 23.6 | 21.5 | 22.2 | 19.7 | 18.9 | 16.1 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 11.9 | 11.8 |
| Race and Hispanic origina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 23.9 | 21.4 | 21.6 | 22.1 | 21.0 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 20.5 | 20.6 | 21.1 | 21.8 | 21.5 | 20.5 | 21.4 | 22.9 | 23.9 | 25.4 | 27.8 | 28.3 | 26.9 | 25.7 | 23.8 | 21.8 | 19.5 | 18.3 | 17.1 | 15.3 |
| Black | 17.4 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 12.5 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.7 |
| Hispanicb | 12.8 | 13.6 | 14.3 | 14.9 | 13.9 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 11.6 | 12.9 | 14.0 | 13.6 | 14.0 | 15.7 | 12.0 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 7.0 |
| — Not available. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a From 1977 to 2006, respondents who described themselves as White or Caucasian were reported as White. From 1977 to 1989, the Black subgroup included respondents who described themselves as Black or Afro-American; after 1990, the subgroup included those who described themselves as Black or African American. From 1977 to 1990, the Hispanic subgroup included those respondents who described themselves as Mexican American or Chicano, or Puerto Rican or other Latin American. After 1990, this group included those respondents who described themselves as Mexican American or Chicano, Cuban American, Puerto Rican American, or other Latin American. After 1994, the term Puerto Rican American was shortened to Puerto Rican. Racial and ethnic subgroup data from the Monitoring the Future Study are presented as 2-year averages; data for the specified year and the previous year have been combined in order to increase sample size and thus provide more stable estimates. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., and Bachman, J.G. (2006). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2005, Volume I: Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 06-5883) Tables D-90 through D-92. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Data for 2006 are from a press release of December 21, 2006, and demographic disaggregations are from unpublished tabulations from Monitoring the Future, University of Michigan. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||